ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
IN COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, SOMETIMES CALLED MACHINE INTELLIGENCE, IS INTELLIGENCE DEMONSTRATED BY MACHINES, IN CONTRAST TO THE NATURAL INTELLIGENCE DISPLAYED BY HUMANS.
WHAT IS AI?
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. These processes include learning (the acquisition of information and rules for using the information), reasoning (using rules to reach approximate or definite conclusions) and self-correction. Particular applications of AI include expert systems, speech recognition, and machine vision.
AI can be categorized as either weak or strong. Weak AI, also known as narrow AI, is an AI system that is designed and trained for a particular task. Virtual personal assistants, such as Apple's Siri, are a form of weak AI. Strong AI, also known as artificial general intelligence, is an AI system with generalized human cognitive abilities. When presented with an unfamiliar task, a strong AI system is able to find a solution without human intervention. Learn more about Deep learning & AI in this insightful Artificial Intelligence Course in Bangalore now:http://bit.ly/2NODBVj
Because hardware, software and staffing costs for AI can be expensive, many vendors are including AI components in their standard offerings, as well as access to Artificial Intelligence as a Service (AIaaS) platform. AI as a Service allows individuals and companies to experiment with AI for various business purposes and sample multiple platforms before making a commitment. Popular AI cloud offerings include Amazon AI services, IBM Watson Assistant, Microsoft Cognitive Services and Google AI services.
While AI tools present a range of new functionality for businesses,the use of artificial intelligence raises ethical questions. This is because deep learning algorithms, which underpin many of the most advanced AI tools, are only as smart as the data they are given in training. Because a human selects what data should be used for training an AI program, the potential for human bias is inherent and must be monitored closely.
Some industry experts believe that the term artificial intelligence is too closely linked to popular culture, causing the general public to have unrealistic fears about artificial intelligence and improbable expectations about how it will change the workplace and life in general. Researchers and marketers hope the label augmented intelligence, which has a more neutral connotation, will help people understand that AI will simply improve products and services, not replace the humans that use them.
Can computers exhibit full AI?
Currently, no computers exhibit full artificial intelligence (that is, are able to simulate human behavior). The greatest advances have occurred in the field of games playing. The best computer chess programs are now capable of beating humans. In May 1997, an IBM super-computer called Deep Blue defeated world chess champion Gary Kasparov in a chess match. In the area of robotics, computers are now widely used in assembly plants, but they are capable only of very limited tasks. Robots have great difficulty identifying objects based on appearance or feel, and they still move and handle objects clumsily.
AI Specialization:
Artificial intelligence includes the following areas of specialization:
Games playing: programming computers to play games against human opponents
Expert systems: programming computers to make decisions in real-life situations (for example, some expert systems help doctors diagnose diseases based on symptoms)
Natural language: programming computers to understand natural human languages
Neural networks: Systems that simulate intelligence by attempting to reproduce the types of physical connections that occur in animal brains
Robotics: programming computers to see and hear and react to other sensory stimuli.
The Future of Machine Learning
Artificial intelligence as it is used today is considered “weak AI,” because it is generally designed to perform just one or two specific tasks as well as, and often better than, humans. At this point, however, the controversial future of AI research includes ideas about developing “strong AI,” or a super-intelligence, with the potential to perform many or all cognitive tasks better than humans. AI safety research is a priority for some scientists concerned about potential dangers if such advanced technology gets into the wrong hands, although others still question the possibility of ever achieving human-level strong AI.
Systems Fall Short of Early Expectations
In the early 1980s, expert systems were believed to represent the future of artificial intelligence and of computers in general. To date, however, they have not lived up to expectations. Many expert systems help human experts in such fields as medicine and engineering, but they are very expensive to produce and are helpful only in special situations. Today, the hottest area of artificial intelligence is neural networks, which are proving successful in a number of disciplines such as voice recognition and natural-language processing.There are several programming languages that are known as AI languages because they are used almost exclusively for AI applications. The two most common are LISP and Prolog.
What Contributes to AI?
Artificial intelligence is a science and technology-based on disciplines such as Computer Science, Biology, Psychology, Linguistics, Mathematics, and Engineering. A major thrust of AI is in the development of computer functions associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, learning, and problem-solving.Out of the following areas, one or multiple areas can contribute to building an intelligent system.
Natural Language and Voice recognition
Natural-language processing offers the greatest potential rewards because it would allow people to interact with computers without needing any specialized knowledge. You could simply walk up to a computer and talk to it. Unfortunately, programming computers to understand natural languages has proved to be more difficult than originally thought. Some rudimentary translation systems that translate from one human language to another are in existence, but they are not nearly as good as human translators. There are also voice recognition systems that can convert spoken sounds into written words, but they do not understand what they are writing; they simply take dictation. Even these systems are quite limited -- you must speak slowly and distinctly.
Programming with and without AI.
